Sea orbiter

Author: e | 2025-04-24

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The nose to slow the rate of descent. The pilot deploys the landing gear and the orbiter touches down. The commander brakes the orbiter and the speed brake on the vertical tail opens up. A parachute is deployed from the back to help stop the orbiter. The parachute and the speed brake on the tail increase the drag on the orbiter. The orbiter stops about midway to three-quarters of the way down the runway. Space shuttle orbiter touching down Photo courtesy NASA After landing, the crew goes through the shutdown procedures to power down the spacecraft. This process takes about 20 minutes. During this time, the orbiter is cooling and noxious gases, which were made during the heat of re-entry, blow away. Once the orbiter is powered down, the crew exits the vehicle. Ground crews are on-hand to begin servicing the orbiter. Parachute deployed to help stop the orbiter on landing Photo courtesy NASA Orbiter being serviced just after landing Photo courtesy NASA The shuttle's technology is constantly being updated. Next, we'll look at future improvements to the shuttle. Space Shuttle Improvements ­As ­mentioned previously, falling debris (foam insulation) from the ET damaged the shuttle orbiter, leading to Columbia's break up upon re-entry. To bring the shuttles back to flight status, NASA has focused on three major areas: Redesign the ET to prevent insulation from damaging the shuttle orbiterImprove inspection of the shuttle to detect damageFind ways to repair possible damage to the orbiter while in orbitFormulate contingency plans for the crew of a damaged shuttle to stay at the ISS until rescue Let's take a closer look at each of these. ET Redesign The ET holds cold liquefied gases as fuel (oxygen, hydrogen). Because the temperatures are so cold, water from the atmosphere condenses and freezes on the surfaces of the ET and the fuel lines leading in to the orbiter. Ice can fall off the ET itself or cause the ET foam insulation to crack and fall off. In addition to ice, if any of the liquid gas were to leak and get under the foam, it would

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Builds up heat from friction (approximately 3000 degrees F, or 1650 degrees C). The orbiter is covered with ceramic insulating materials designed to protect it from this heat. The materials include: Reinforced carbon-carbon (RCC) on the wing surfaces and undersideHigh-temperature black surface insulation tiles on the upper forward fuselage and around the windowsWhite Nomex blankets on the upper payload bay doors, portions of the upper wing and mid/aft fuselageLow-temperature white surface tiles on the remaining areas Maneuvering of the orbiter for re-entry These materials are designed to absorb large quantities of heat without increasing their temperature very much. In other words, they have a high heat capacity. During re-entry, the aft steering jets help to keep the orbiter at its 40 degree attitude. The hot ionized gases of the atmosphere that surround the orbiter prevent radio communication with the ground for about 12 minutes (i.e., ionization blackout). When re-entry is successful, the orbiter encounters the main air of the atmosphere and is able to fly like an airplane. The orbiter is designed from a lifting body design with swept back "delta" wings. With this design, the orbiter can generate lift with a small wing area. At this point, flight computers fly the orbiter. The orbiter makes a series of S-shaped, banking turns to slow its descent speed as it begins its final approach to the runway. The commander picks up a radio beacon from the runway (Tactical Air Navigation System) when the orbiter is about 140 miles (225 km) away from the landing site and 150,000 feet (45,700 m) high. At 25 miles (40 km) out, the shuttle's landing computers give up control to the commander. The commander flies the shuttle around an imaginary cylinder (18,000 feet or 5,500 m in diameter) to line the orbiter up with the runway and drop the altitude. During the final approach, the commander steepens the angle of descent to minus 20 degrees (almost seven times steeper than the descent of a commercial airliner). Shuttle flight path for landing When the orbiter is 2,000 ft (610 m) above the ground, the commander pulls up

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Article, NASA Video, JPL Video). The rover successfully landed on 18 February 2021 and has travelled over 5 km taking samples of rocks which will, in the future, be returned to earth. The helicopter succesfully flew 72 times but due to damage to it's rotors is no longer able to fly. It's last flight was on 18th January 2024.2020 Chinese Mars Mission - Tianwen-1 (TW-1) consists of an orbiter, deployable camera, lander and rover. The spacecraft, with a total mass of nearly five tons, is one of the heaviest probes launched to Mars and carries 13 scientific instruments. The mission was successfully launched on 23 July 2020. After 7 months of transit, it entered orbit around Mars on 10 February 2021. The rover and lander successfully reached the surface 14 May 2021. It travelled nearly 2km and operated for nearly a year, but failed to awake from hybernation.Hope Mars Mission or 'Al-Amal' - A United Arab Emirates orbiter which arrived on 9 February 2021. The United Arab Emirates became the first Arab country and the fifth country to reach Mars and the second country to successfully enter Mars’ orbit on its first try. The spacecraft is studying the atmosphere of Mars.ExoMars 2020 - the second part of ESA's ExoMars mission to search for life. It comprised of a lander ("Kazachok") and a rover ("Rosalind Franklin") to land which was intended to land in 2021. Problems with the lander have meant this mission is delayed until 2022 (and changing the name from ExoMars 2020 to ExoMars 2022). Subsequently, due to Russia's war on Ukraine, the mission has been postponed to 2028 when a non-Russian launch vehicle will be used.Here are a list of missions 2023 to 2028 from Wiki (as of Aug 2022): Mission Organization Launch Type Psyche NASA United States NET July 2023 Flyby en route to 16 Psyche Martian Moons Exploration (MMX) Phobos Sample Return Mission JAXA Japan September 2024[45][46] Orbiter / lander Escape and Plasma Acceleration and Dynamics Explorer mission (ESCAPADE) Photon Blue and Gold NASA United States October 2024[47] 2 Orbiters Mars Orbiter Mission 2 (Mangalyaan 2) ISRO India 2024[48][49] Orbiter[50][51] Tianwen-2 / ZhengHe Asteroid Sample Return Mission[52] CNSA China 2025[53][54] 2027 flyby en route to 311P/PANSTARRS Tianwen-3 Mars sample-return mission CNSA China 2028[55] Two spacecrafts: one consists of orbiter and return module, the other lander, ascent module and a mobile sampling robot. Expected sample return: July 2031[56] TEREX-1[57] NICT, ISSL Japan Mid 2020s Orbiter ExoMars Kazachok lander /"Rosalind Franklin" rover SRI RAS Russia Postponed until 2028 due to 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine Lander ESA Rover Observations by the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter have revealed possible flowing water during the warmest months on Mars.Perseverence We were impressed. seas orbit drivers. title; or fl4rcn/f or fl6rbnd/s or fl8rcnd/s or fa8rcnd/s or fa6rbnd/s seas orbit. seas orbit. seas orbit drivers

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Shuttle would reach LEO and one old Nuclear Shuttle would be disposed of in solar orbit each year.Grenning's version of NASA's Integrated Program Plan included 21 robotic planetary missions. Image: NASA MSFC.In 1977, four Tug/LM-B pairs would launch the Mars Explorer Orbiter, the Mars High Data Orbiter, and two Jupiter-Saturn-Pluto Mariner-class flyby spacecraft. The Tug/LM-Bs would burn the propellants with which they were launched to send the two Mars missions on their way, then would be refueled to launch the twin Jupiter-Saturn-Pluto missions. Grenning noted that dispatching automated spacecraft to destinations beyond the Main Asteroid Belt would need so much energy that the second Tug/LM-B could spare no propellants to return to LEO. It would, therefore, be expended.The year 1978 would see a Mercury-Venus Mariner flyby, a Venus-Mariner Orbiter, and a Solar-Electric Asteroid Belt Survey depart the LEO SSM. All Space Tug/LM-Bs used to launch these missions would be recovered. In 1979, NASA would launch the 6,000-pound Mars Soft Lander/Rover and two more Jupiter-Saturn-Pluto Mariner-class flybys, expending two Tug/LM-Bs. In 1980, a second Venus Explorer Orbiter would leave Earth, as would two Jupiter Flyby/Probe spacecraft. The latter would expend two Tug/LM-Bs. The year 1981 would see a second Mars Explorer Orbiter, two Saturn Mariner-class Orbiter/Probes, and two more expended Tug/LM-Bs.NASA would launch only one automated planetary mission, the 8,000-pound Mercury Solar Electric Orbiter, in 1982. Venus would get another Venus Explorer Orbiter and a Venus Mariner Orbiter/Rough Lander in 1983. NASA would also launch its second comet mission, this time a Mariner rendezvous with Comet Kopff. With a mass of 8500 pounds, it would be the heaviest of the 21 automated probes in the Balanced Base program. Mars would get a second High Data Orbiter and a second Soft Lander/Rover in 1984.The immense Space Base marked the culmination of the

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White Sands Test Facility in New Mexico. White Sands will relay the signals to a pair of Tracking and Data Relay satellites in orbit 22,300 miles above the Earth. The satellites will relay the signals to the space shuttle. The system works in reverse as well. The orbiter has two systems for communicating with the ground: S-band - voice, commands, telemetry and data filesKu-band (high bandwidth) - video and transferring two-way data files The orbiter has several intercom plug-in audio terminal units located throughout the crew compartment. You will wear a personal communications control with a headset. The communications control is battery-powered and can be switched from intercom to transmit functions. You can either push to talk and release to listen or have a continuously open communication line. To talk with spacewalkers, the system uses a UHF frequency, which is picked up in the astronaut's space suit. The orbiter also has a series of internal and external video cameras to see inside and outside. Navigation, Power ­and Computers­ The orbiter must be able to know precisely where it is in space, where other objects are and how to change orbit. To know where it is and how fast it is moving, the orbiter uses global positioning systems (GPS). To know which way it is pointing (attitude), the orbiter has several gyroscopes. All of this information is fed into the flight computers for rendezvous and docking maneuvers, which are controlled in the aft station of the flight deck. All of the on-board systems of the orbiter require electrical power. Three fuel cells make electricity; they are located in the mid fuselage under the payload bay. These fuel cells combine oxygen and hydrogen from pressurized tanks in the mid fuselage to make electricity and water. Like a power grid on Earth, the orbiter has a distribution system to supply electrical power to various instrument bays and areas of the ship. The water is used by the crew and for cooling. The orbiter has five on-board computers that handle data processing and control critical flight systems. The computers monitor equipment and talk to

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Extended over the insulation below and squared off so that water cannot run between the foam. Preventing Future Space Shuttle Disasters ­Expl­osive bolts separate the SRBs from the external tank when the SRBs burn out in flight. Engineers assessed that fragments of the bolts could also damage the shuttle. They designed a bolt catcher to prevent the bolts from damaging the ET or hitting the orbiter. Photo courtesy NASA To detect falling debris and possible damage to the shuttle, NASA has done the following: One hundred and seven cameras (Infrared, High Speed Digital Video, HDTV, 35 mm, 16 mm) have been placed on and around the launch pad to film the shuttle during liftoff.Ten sites within 40 miles of the launch pad have been equipped with cameras to film the shuttle during ascent.On days of heavier cloud cover when ground cameras will be obscured, two WB-57 aircraft will film the shuttle from high altitude as it ascends.Three radar tracking facilities (one with C-band and two with Doppler radar) will monitor the shuttle to detect debris.New digital video cameras have been installed on the ET to monitor the underside of the orbiter and relay the data to the ground through antennae installed in the ET.Cameras have been installed on the SRB noses to monitor the ET.The shuttle crew has new handheld digital cameras to photograph the ET after separation. The images will be downloaded to laptops on the orbiter and then transmitted to the ground.A digital spacewalk camera will be used for astronauts to inspect the orbiter while in orbit.Canada made a 50-foot long extension, called the Remote Manipulator System/Orbiter Booster Sensor System (RMS/OBSS), that can be attached to the robotic arm. This extension will allow the RMS to reach the underside of the orbiter. Cameras mounted on this extension will photograph the underside for damage. The RMS/OBSS will allow astronauts to inspect the underside and leading edge of the wings for damage. Photo courtesy NASA Finally, engineers and technicians have installed 66 tiny accelerometers and 22 temperature sensors in the leading edge of both wings on the orbiter. The devices. seas orbit drivers. title; or fl4rcn/f or fl6rbnd/s or fl8rcnd/s or fa8rcnd/s or fa6rbnd/s seas orbit. seas orbit. seas orbit drivers