Geometric unsharpness

Unsharpness, • . • A moving focused grids must be used with the high kV technique. • For pediatrics and newborns • lower kV (60 – 70 KV) must be used with lower mAs • Higher-speed films and screens are used to reduce motion and dose • AP supine and laterals (dorsal decubitus) must to be done to exclude air- fluid levelsTechnical Aspects • For geriatrics (old age) higher center point (CP) must be used because of less inhalation capability of old people that produces ‘shallow lung fields. • X-ray chest must be taken in full arrested second inspiration to show the lungs well expanded and full with ‘contrasting air’. • FFD for PA chest must be 72 inches (180 cm) to maintain the ‘natural’ size of the heart • which is usually less in PA than in AP, and prevent geometrical unsharpness • and magnification as a result of the increased OFD. • All chest radiographs must be taken in ‘standing’ erect to allow the diaphragm • to move down to show greater areas of the lung fields .PA Chest (Erect) • Erect film shows pleural effusions, infections, Atelectasis, pneumo –thorax. Patient and Part Position • Patient erect, feet apart, chin rested on film top edge, hands on lower hips, elbows partially flexed, the shoulders rotated forward (to move the clavicles below apices), top of film 5 cm above the shoulders (to include the apices), exposure on 2nd arrested (inspiration), collimation and protection should be applied. • Instruct the patient to take in a breath, blow the breath out, and take another deep breath and hold it ( 2nd rested inspiration) Film: HD 35x43 cm (14x17 in) lengthwise (crosswise for large patients) CR: Horizontally 90 to film center. CP: T7 (Approximately at the level of inferior angle of the scapula)PA Chest (Erect) Image Evaluation • The lung apices, costophrenic angles, and lateral margin of the ribs should be included in the film. • The scapulae should be moved lateral to the lung fields • The spine should be centered on the filmPA Chest (Erect) Image Evaluation • The heart

What is the limit on leakage radiation from the dx ray tube?100 mR per hour, measured at 1 meter from the housingthermoluminescent dosimeter measures doses as low asgeometric unsharpness within the radiographic image can be minimized by using the1. smallest focal spot2. shortest OID3. longest target film distancethese statements regarding barium sulfate as a contrast media are true1. it dissolves when mixed with water2. It is radiopaquewhat facility design factor considers the volume and types of exams performed in the room?during a radiographic exam, the probability of biologic damage to the patient increases asmore energy is absorbed by body atomsthe number of chromosomes i the cell after meiosisstandard precautions assumesall body fluids are sources of infection and all patients are infectedwhat graphs illustrate the relationship between radiation the organism's response to it?the factor that is expressed as ratio of primary radiation transmitted through the grid to secondary radiation transmitted through the gridas mAs increases, densityincreases the same amountwhat should fil the needle before injection of a contrast agent is made?The inner part of the kidney is calledmedullahow thick are secondary protective barriers

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