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Is caused by the release of terminal-spine parasite eggs from female S. haematobium. FGS is a serious and chronic gynecological condition causing substantial morbidity among affected women [3,4]. When the eggs are deposited in the tissues of the cervix and lower female genital tract, the combination of the presence of the eggs with host inflammation and increased vascularity in the cervicovaginal mucosa produces typical intravaginal lesions that result in genital itching, pain, bleeding, and dyspareunia [5,6,7]. In addition, eggs deposited in the uterus and fallopian tubes can result in infertility [8]. It causes vaginal discharge, blood in urine, and abdominal and pelvic pain. It is a chronic gynecological condition that, if left untreated, can lead to a range of complications for women living with FGS, including infertility [8], abortion, genital ulcers, modified immunological responses to HPV and HIV [9], and increased risks of contracting HPV [10] and HIV [11,12].According to the World Health Organization (WHO), many young women in sub-Saharan Africa are at risk of acquiring FGS, HIV infection, and cervical cancer [13]. Furthermore, FGS remains largely overlooked within the national health systems and Neglected Tropical Disease (NTD) programs, and its prevalence is underestimated [14]. In some lower- and middle-income countries (LMICs) like Zambia, where schistosomiasis is endemic, knowledge and understanding of FGS among community members and healthcare workers (HCWs) within affected communities is often incomplete and confused with other Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs). In addition, there is a paucity of scholarly work exploring the knowledge, perceptions, and practices of women of reproductive age and in HCWs’ knowledge about FGS. To sustainably control and prevent FGS, an understanding of community and HCWs’ perceptions and attitudes towards people with FGS and their knowledge and practices may play an important role. In addition, a lack of knowledge may exacerbate levels of misconceptions [15] that may, in turn, create stigma among women misdiagnosed with STDs instead of FGS.The absence of definitive policies for FGS may, in turn, have caused the following: (i) a lack of treatment and diagnostic guidelines, (ii) limited investment, (iii) a lack of awareness among multiple stakeholders, and (iv) poor FGS surveillance among women of reproductive age. When treatment and diagnostic guidelines are lacking, there is an increased risk of misdiagnosis, inappropriate treatment, and missed opportunities for developing innovative solutions to control FGS in endemic communities. Hence, having the right knowledge, attitude, and improved perception of FGS is essential in

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As follows: high DNA load (>10 ng/μL), medium DNA load (4–10 ng/μL), and low DNA load (0.5–3 ng/μL). The categories corresponded to the infection levels present among the participants in the three countries. All the duplicates and missing samples were discarded. The prevalence of FGS was also determined by comparing the different diagnostic tests, such as hematuria, urine filtration, and PCR, for each year for the three countries. 2.2.3. Geographical and Gender-Based Distribution of FGSThe country-wise distribution of FGS was determined based on the S. haematobium infection of the collected urine samples from three countries over four years. The same approach was taken with males to evaluate the S. haematobium infection that causes Male Genital Schistosomiasis (MGS). The distribution of FGS was compared against S. mansoni infection only in girls and women and the overall S. mansoni infection over four years in three countries. For Ghana, samples were collected from Tomefa, a community in the Weija Lake area of the GA South district of the Greater Accra region. For Zambia, samples were collected from the Chongwe district in Lusaka Province and the Siavonga district along the shores of Lake Kariba, which is endemic for both Schistosome species. For Tanzania, samples were collected from the Kayenze villages where schistosomiasis infection was prevalent. In Africa, two major human-infecting species, S. mansoni and S. haematobium, are often sympatric; concurrent infection is debilitating [19]. Because the former is intestinal, and the latter is a urogenital parasite, their pathophysiological outcome is completely different. So, identifying both species from co-infected individuals is important for surveillance, pathology, and monitoring. 2.2.4. FGS Age DistributionData for each year were categorized into four age groups: Group A (1–10 years, children and juveniles), Group B (11–20 years, pre-teens to young adults), Group C (21–30 years, young adults to mature adults), and Group D (>31 years, mid-ages). The FGS infection prevalence for all four age groups was determined, along with the highest infection for the age group across years and countries. Also, we evaluated the infection variability amongst different age groups across years and geography and compared this against similar age groups in males. 2.3. Statistical AnalysisWe performed a quantitative assessment to evaluate FGS presence, prevalence, distribution, and burden across age groups for four years from three countries. The above-mentioned statistical analysis was carried out by comparing positive and negative infections detected by PCR for S. haematobium. The disease prevalence was determined. maypreachracvici download FGS - Keyboard on win. Clone. Source; Revisions; Created by maypreachracvici . FGS - Keyboard. Raw 1. FGS - Keyboard.

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PLoS ONE 2014, 9, e91144. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] Figure 1. The model of FGS data analysis determines the prevalence and burden in different geographic locations over multiple years. Figure 1. The model of FGS data analysis determines the prevalence and burden in different geographic locations over multiple years. Table 1. Prevalence of Female Genital Schistosomiasis (FGS) among the total samples collected in Ghana, Zambia, and Tanzania. Table 1. Prevalence of Female Genital Schistosomiasis (FGS) among the total samples collected in Ghana, Zambia, and Tanzania. Data SourceTotal SamplesTotal FemalesPositive Females (S. haematobium Prevalence *)Negative Females (S. haematobium Prevalence *)Ghana 20139039 (43%)31 (79.5%)8 (20.5%)Zambia 201613380 (60%)46 (57.5%)34 (42.5%)Zambia 201711060 (54.5%)45 (75%)15 (25%)Tanzania 201810470 (67.3%)43 (61.4%)27 (38.6%) Table 2. Prevalence of FGS based on the DNA concentrations of PCR-positive individuals in Ghana, Zambia, and Tanzania. Table 2. Prevalence of FGS based on the DNA concentrations of PCR-positive individuals in Ghana, Zambia, and Tanzania. DNA Concentration (ng/μL)DNA Concentration Total Females in Ghana 2013Total Females in Zambia 2016Total Females in Zambia 2017Total Females in Tanzania 2018Gr. A (0.5–3)Low9 (29.04%)42 (91.30%)40 (88.89%)41 (95.35%)Gr. B (4–10)Medium 16 (51.61%)4 (8.70%)3 (6.67%)0 (0%)Gr. C (10–above)High6 (19.35%)0 (0%)2 (4.44%)2 (4.65%) Table 3. Infection prevalence of FGS based on hematuria, urine filtration, and the PCR diagnostic test. -- = absence of positive or negative samples. Table 3. Infection prevalence of FGS based on hematuria, urine filtration, and the PCR diagnostic test. -- = absence of positive or negative samples. Data SourceHematuriaUrine FiltrationPCR PositiveNegativePositiveNegativePositiveNegativeGhana 20138 (18.6%)35 (81.4%)----31 (79.5%)8 (20.5%)Zambia 20163 (3.7%)79 (96.3%)082 (100%)46 (57.5%)34 (42.5%)Zambia 20177 (11.7%)53 (88.3%)3 (5%)57 (95%)45 (75%)15 (25%)Tanzania 2018--------43 (61.4%)27 (38.6%) Table 4. Comparison among females and males detected as positive for S. haematobium, S. mansoni, and dual infections. Male = M, Female = F. Table 4. Comparison among females and males detected as positive for S. haematobium, S. mansoni, and dual infections. Male = M, Female = F. LocationTotal Female Total MaleFemaleMaleS. haematobiumS. mansoniCo-OccurrenceS. haematobiumS. mansoniCo-OccurrenceGhana 2013394731 (36%)33 (38%)27 (69%)39 (45%)41 (47.7%)35 (74.5%)Zambia 2016805146 (35%)61 (46.6%)33 (41.3%)32 (24.4%)34 (26%)20(39%)Zambia 2017605045 (41%)47 (42.8%)47 (78%)37 (33.6%)38 (34.6%)31 (62%)Tanzania 2018703443 (41.4%)54 (52%)37 (52.9%)24 (23.1%)28 (27%)23 (67.7%) Table 5. Prevalence of Female Genital Schistosomiasis (FGS) among different female age groups. -- = absence of positive or negative samples. Table 5. Prevalence of Female Genital Schistosomiasis (FGS) among different female age groups. -- = absence of positive or negative samples. Location Total FemalesS. haematobium PositiveGr. A (0–10 years) Gr. B (11–20

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Reducing cases of stigma and modifying risk behaviors to reduce the odds of re-infection at both the individual and community levels.This proposed pilot study will provide substantial evidence of the presence, prevalence (infection intensity), geographic distribution, age group, and gender-specific infection prevalence for FGS in females from a database of extracted DNA from field-collected urine samples from Ghana, Zambia, and Tanzania, over multiple years. The project will determine and explore the burden of FGS to develop strategies to improve the control of FGS among endemic communities in sub-Saharan Africa. 2. Materials and Methods 2.1. Data SourceThe data used for this study were preexisting. All the collected data came from analyzing the field-acquired filtered urine samples from previous studies, which were acquired from three different geographical locations over four years. The existing data sources were from previously individually published and unpublished studies conducted in Ghana in 2013, Zambia in 2016 and 2017, and Tanzania in 2018. The existing data were extensively analyzed (Figure 1) to determine the FGS presence, prevalence, distribution, and burden across age groups. 2.2. Model of Data Analysis 2.2.1. Overall FGS PrevalenceThe total FGS-positive samples for each year were determined based on the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing. All the duplicates and missing samples were discarded before analysis. The total number of positive and negative results for S. haematobium among females was determined based on three countries (Ghana, Zambia, and Tanzania). The disease prevalence was calculated based on the proportion of positive infections from each test out of the total number of samples evaluated. For S. mansoni, PCR was carried out by amplifying a highly repeated 121 bp Sm1-7 fragment (GenBank: M61098.1) [16]. For S. haematobium, 121 bp Dra, one repeat fragment (GenBank: DQ157698.1) was amplified [17,18]. For both schistosome species, the repeat fragments that makeup 12–16% of each parasite genome (~600,000 copies per cell) are species-specific and occur in different regions of the genomes of these two schistosome parasites, so there is no chance of cross-amplification. 2.2.2. FGS Prevalence Based on Parasite DNA Concentration in UrineThe overall infection prevalence was assessed for each year across three countries: Ghana (2013), Zambia (2016 and 2017), and Tanzania (2018). The infection prevalence was defined as the number of positive samples out of the total number of samples evaluated each year. The extracted DNA from filtered urine samples (used to assess FGS prevalence) for each year was categorized into three groups,

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Higher within the age group of pre-teens to young adults (11–20-yer-olds) in Ghana and Zambia for three years, except for Tanzania (Table 5). Interestingly, children (1–10-year-olds) had the second highest infection level for Ghana and Zambia (Table 5). Girls and women are susceptible to schistosomiasis from a young age in endemic areas, and it affects women of all age groups [5,24]. Recurrent infection occurs throughout the life of these women in endemic areas due to repeated exposure to infested water bodies [5]. In addition, 30–75% of girls and women with urinary schistosomiasis develop FGS [24,25]. So, it is important to detect FGS infection at an early stage of life, such as in children and young adults, as this is the age impacted most by S. haematobium infection [5]. Moreover, FGS infection leads to adverse reproductive health outcomes, organ dysfunction, and reproductive morbidity [20].This study has its shortcomings. It was a retrospective study based on urine samples collected previously and evaluated via PCR for S. haematobium detection. The sample size per country could be a limiting factor, although the general findings were similar to previous findings [5,20]. Only urine samples were part of this study; vaginal swabs or colposcopy pictures of lesions were absent in the three countries, usually used to validate the pathological signs of FGS. However, cell-free repeat species-specific DNA detection for S. haematobium from urine has been successful in previous studies [26,27].This study helped to explore the true burden of FGS for broader geographical areas, which will help to develop strategies to control FGS and improve current intervention measurements. FGS is largely neglected, overlooked, and not researched to determine the true prevalence, geographic distribution, and age group infection variation for S. haematobium endemic countries. Future priorities will be aimed at improving awareness and addressing the lack of knowledge by providing accurate data, using highly sensitive molecular diagnostics along with vaginal swabs, and developing an integrated control approach within broader Schistosomiasis control programs. These measures will be important for the detection, control, and elimination of FGS from endemic countries. Author ContributionsConceptualization: N.L.; data management, extraction, and analysis: N.L., J.M., M.M.M. and N.K.; original draft: N.L., L.Z. and L.B.; supervision and funding acquisition: N.L. and N.K.; revision of the manuscript: N.L., L.Z. and L.B. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.FundingThis work was supported by the mini-grant provided by the Institute for Women’s Leadership. maypreachracvici download FGS - Keyboard on win. Clone. Source; Revisions; Created by maypreachracvici . FGS - Keyboard. Raw 1. FGS - Keyboard.

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User5283

| $269.00 Chameleon Window Manager Pro 2.2.0.428 ... size and position, move windows to a specific monitor, set transparency, minimize them to the taskbar and ... window to the edge or corner of the screen to position it in the corresponding part of ... Trialware | $24.95 Air Display 2.1.0 B637 ... or iPhone and even a Mac as a monitor for your PC or another Mac. FEATURES: An instant second monitor: · Use your iPad, iPhone or Mac as ... Freeware Actual Multiple Monitors 8.10.2 Actual Multiple Monitors is the comprehensive solution to improve the functionality ... smart app emulates standard Windows services on secondary monitors, and offers new window management services to free ... displaying only the tasks running on the same monitor, or in the mirror mode, displaying all the ... Shareware | $29.95 tags: multiple, monitor, display, screen, multi-monitor, window, manager, taskbar, task, desktop, background, wallpaper, screen saver, desktop profile, windows, vista, aero snap FGS Restaurant Software POS System Till 6.5 ... user-friendliness. Click a few fingers on the touch-screen monitor or mouse, and that's an order made, a ... finger click. Order voucher for 3 different kitchen, Screen keyboard for all input fields (for touch screen), ... Shareware | $99.00 tags: Restaurant software, restaurantsoftware, nightclub software, disco, fgs, pos, restaurant, hotel software, dancehall software, restaurant accounting, pos-system, Till System, Point of Sale, POS Terminal, POS System, epos, Imbiss Software AthTek Skype Parental Control 1.5 ... parental control program for Windows. It can invisibly monitor both Skype audio and video calls for parental ... to specified email account automatically. Actually SkypePC can monitor not only Skype calls, but also local voice ... Shareware | $39.95 Easy Screen Message 2017 Easy Screen Message Easy Powerful Dual Screen or Single Screen Messages for Shops - Bars - Pubs - ... Malware - No Spam - 100% CLEAN Easy Screen Message Easy Powerful Dual Screen or Single Screen ... Demo | $99.95 Samsung Kies 3 3.2.16084_2 ... Samsung Kies, you can view apps in full screen on your PC , no matter what network ... browsing through Samsung Apps on your large computer monitor. Download multiple applications and transfer them to your ... Freeware Samsung Kies 2.6.4.16113.3 ... Samsung Kies, you can view apps in full screen on your PC , no matter what network ... browsing through Samsung Apps on your large computer monitor. Download multiple applications and

2025-04-07
User8068

Is caused by the release of terminal-spine parasite eggs from female S. haematobium. FGS is a serious and chronic gynecological condition causing substantial morbidity among affected women [3,4]. When the eggs are deposited in the tissues of the cervix and lower female genital tract, the combination of the presence of the eggs with host inflammation and increased vascularity in the cervicovaginal mucosa produces typical intravaginal lesions that result in genital itching, pain, bleeding, and dyspareunia [5,6,7]. In addition, eggs deposited in the uterus and fallopian tubes can result in infertility [8]. It causes vaginal discharge, blood in urine, and abdominal and pelvic pain. It is a chronic gynecological condition that, if left untreated, can lead to a range of complications for women living with FGS, including infertility [8], abortion, genital ulcers, modified immunological responses to HPV and HIV [9], and increased risks of contracting HPV [10] and HIV [11,12].According to the World Health Organization (WHO), many young women in sub-Saharan Africa are at risk of acquiring FGS, HIV infection, and cervical cancer [13]. Furthermore, FGS remains largely overlooked within the national health systems and Neglected Tropical Disease (NTD) programs, and its prevalence is underestimated [14]. In some lower- and middle-income countries (LMICs) like Zambia, where schistosomiasis is endemic, knowledge and understanding of FGS among community members and healthcare workers (HCWs) within affected communities is often incomplete and confused with other Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs). In addition, there is a paucity of scholarly work exploring the knowledge, perceptions, and practices of women of reproductive age and in HCWs’ knowledge about FGS. To sustainably control and prevent FGS, an understanding of community and HCWs’ perceptions and attitudes towards people with FGS and their knowledge and practices may play an important role. In addition, a lack of knowledge may exacerbate levels of misconceptions [15] that may, in turn, create stigma among women misdiagnosed with STDs instead of FGS.The absence of definitive policies for FGS may, in turn, have caused the following: (i) a lack of treatment and diagnostic guidelines, (ii) limited investment, (iii) a lack of awareness among multiple stakeholders, and (iv) poor FGS surveillance among women of reproductive age. When treatment and diagnostic guidelines are lacking, there is an increased risk of misdiagnosis, inappropriate treatment, and missed opportunities for developing innovative solutions to control FGS in endemic communities. Hence, having the right knowledge, attitude, and improved perception of FGS is essential in

2025-04-18
User9476

PLoS ONE 2014, 9, e91144. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] Figure 1. The model of FGS data analysis determines the prevalence and burden in different geographic locations over multiple years. Figure 1. The model of FGS data analysis determines the prevalence and burden in different geographic locations over multiple years. Table 1. Prevalence of Female Genital Schistosomiasis (FGS) among the total samples collected in Ghana, Zambia, and Tanzania. Table 1. Prevalence of Female Genital Schistosomiasis (FGS) among the total samples collected in Ghana, Zambia, and Tanzania. Data SourceTotal SamplesTotal FemalesPositive Females (S. haematobium Prevalence *)Negative Females (S. haematobium Prevalence *)Ghana 20139039 (43%)31 (79.5%)8 (20.5%)Zambia 201613380 (60%)46 (57.5%)34 (42.5%)Zambia 201711060 (54.5%)45 (75%)15 (25%)Tanzania 201810470 (67.3%)43 (61.4%)27 (38.6%) Table 2. Prevalence of FGS based on the DNA concentrations of PCR-positive individuals in Ghana, Zambia, and Tanzania. Table 2. Prevalence of FGS based on the DNA concentrations of PCR-positive individuals in Ghana, Zambia, and Tanzania. DNA Concentration (ng/μL)DNA Concentration Total Females in Ghana 2013Total Females in Zambia 2016Total Females in Zambia 2017Total Females in Tanzania 2018Gr. A (0.5–3)Low9 (29.04%)42 (91.30%)40 (88.89%)41 (95.35%)Gr. B (4–10)Medium 16 (51.61%)4 (8.70%)3 (6.67%)0 (0%)Gr. C (10–above)High6 (19.35%)0 (0%)2 (4.44%)2 (4.65%) Table 3. Infection prevalence of FGS based on hematuria, urine filtration, and the PCR diagnostic test. -- = absence of positive or negative samples. Table 3. Infection prevalence of FGS based on hematuria, urine filtration, and the PCR diagnostic test. -- = absence of positive or negative samples. Data SourceHematuriaUrine FiltrationPCR PositiveNegativePositiveNegativePositiveNegativeGhana 20138 (18.6%)35 (81.4%)----31 (79.5%)8 (20.5%)Zambia 20163 (3.7%)79 (96.3%)082 (100%)46 (57.5%)34 (42.5%)Zambia 20177 (11.7%)53 (88.3%)3 (5%)57 (95%)45 (75%)15 (25%)Tanzania 2018--------43 (61.4%)27 (38.6%) Table 4. Comparison among females and males detected as positive for S. haematobium, S. mansoni, and dual infections. Male = M, Female = F. Table 4. Comparison among females and males detected as positive for S. haematobium, S. mansoni, and dual infections. Male = M, Female = F. LocationTotal Female Total MaleFemaleMaleS. haematobiumS. mansoniCo-OccurrenceS. haematobiumS. mansoniCo-OccurrenceGhana 2013394731 (36%)33 (38%)27 (69%)39 (45%)41 (47.7%)35 (74.5%)Zambia 2016805146 (35%)61 (46.6%)33 (41.3%)32 (24.4%)34 (26%)20(39%)Zambia 2017605045 (41%)47 (42.8%)47 (78%)37 (33.6%)38 (34.6%)31 (62%)Tanzania 2018703443 (41.4%)54 (52%)37 (52.9%)24 (23.1%)28 (27%)23 (67.7%) Table 5. Prevalence of Female Genital Schistosomiasis (FGS) among different female age groups. -- = absence of positive or negative samples. Table 5. Prevalence of Female Genital Schistosomiasis (FGS) among different female age groups. -- = absence of positive or negative samples. Location Total FemalesS. haematobium PositiveGr. A (0–10 years) Gr. B (11–20

2025-04-21
User2347

Reducing cases of stigma and modifying risk behaviors to reduce the odds of re-infection at both the individual and community levels.This proposed pilot study will provide substantial evidence of the presence, prevalence (infection intensity), geographic distribution, age group, and gender-specific infection prevalence for FGS in females from a database of extracted DNA from field-collected urine samples from Ghana, Zambia, and Tanzania, over multiple years. The project will determine and explore the burden of FGS to develop strategies to improve the control of FGS among endemic communities in sub-Saharan Africa. 2. Materials and Methods 2.1. Data SourceThe data used for this study were preexisting. All the collected data came from analyzing the field-acquired filtered urine samples from previous studies, which were acquired from three different geographical locations over four years. The existing data sources were from previously individually published and unpublished studies conducted in Ghana in 2013, Zambia in 2016 and 2017, and Tanzania in 2018. The existing data were extensively analyzed (Figure 1) to determine the FGS presence, prevalence, distribution, and burden across age groups. 2.2. Model of Data Analysis 2.2.1. Overall FGS PrevalenceThe total FGS-positive samples for each year were determined based on the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing. All the duplicates and missing samples were discarded before analysis. The total number of positive and negative results for S. haematobium among females was determined based on three countries (Ghana, Zambia, and Tanzania). The disease prevalence was calculated based on the proportion of positive infections from each test out of the total number of samples evaluated. For S. mansoni, PCR was carried out by amplifying a highly repeated 121 bp Sm1-7 fragment (GenBank: M61098.1) [16]. For S. haematobium, 121 bp Dra, one repeat fragment (GenBank: DQ157698.1) was amplified [17,18]. For both schistosome species, the repeat fragments that makeup 12–16% of each parasite genome (~600,000 copies per cell) are species-specific and occur in different regions of the genomes of these two schistosome parasites, so there is no chance of cross-amplification. 2.2.2. FGS Prevalence Based on Parasite DNA Concentration in UrineThe overall infection prevalence was assessed for each year across three countries: Ghana (2013), Zambia (2016 and 2017), and Tanzania (2018). The infection prevalence was defined as the number of positive samples out of the total number of samples evaluated each year. The extracted DNA from filtered urine samples (used to assess FGS prevalence) for each year was categorized into three groups,

2025-04-14

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